In this paper we provide normative data along multiple cognitive and affective variable dimensions for a set of 110 sounds, including living and manmade stimuli. (c) 2012 Institute of Noise Control Engineering.

In general, discrimination performance correlated well with the listener perceptual space measured in Experiment 1, with best performance for handgun-rifle pairings and worst performance for rifle-rifle pairings. Experiment 2 measured discrimination performance for selected sets of contrasted weapon pairings. These mappings correlated well with measured source and sound properties of the small arms weapons. A multidimensional scaling solution (MDS) based on listener ratings showed significant overlap in perceptual space for most rifle sounds, but the mappings of handgun sounds were largely segregated from all rifle sounds. Experiment 1 measured listener perceived similarity for paired small arms impulse sounds. The present work investigates listener ability to differentiate signatures of various small arms weapons on the basis of high-quality recordings of single-shot impulse sounds. Despite the potential operational importance of these sounds, little is known about listener perception of impulse weapons sounds. In addition, estimation of weapon size can be used to infer the resources of an enemy element. For example, differentiation of hostile from friendly weapons fire can indicate the need for increased vigilance and can reveal the approximate location of an enemy element. The ability to identify and interpret impulse sounds from small arms weapons fire is a very important element of a soldier's situational awareness that is critically needed to avoid potential danger.

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